Walls Framing (construction)

1 walls

1.1 corners
1.2 exterior wall studs
1.3 interior partitions
1.4 lintels (headers)
1.5 wall sections

walls

wall framing in house construction includes vertical , horizontal members of exterior walls , interior partitions, both of bearing walls , non-bearing walls. these stick members, referred studs, wall plates , lintels (headers), serve nailing base covering material , support upper floor platforms, provide lateral strength along wall. platforms may boxed structure of ceiling , roof, or ceiling , floor joists of story above. technique variously referred colloquially in building trades stick , frame, stick , platform, or stick , box sticks (studs) give structure vertical support, , box-shaped floor sections joists contained within length-long post , lintels (more commonly called headers), support weight of whatever above, including next wall , roof above top story. platform provides lateral support against wind , holds stick walls true , square. lower platform supports weight of platforms , walls above level of component headers , joists.

framing lumber should grade-stamped, , have moisture content not exceeding 19%.

there 3 historically common methods of framing house.

post , beam, used predominantly in barn construction.
balloon framing using technique suspending floors walls common until late 1940s, since time, platform framing has become predominant form of house construction.
platform framing forms wall sections horizontally on sub-floor prior erection, easing positioning of studs , increasing accuracy while cutting necessary manpower. top , bottom plates end-nailed each stud 2 nails @ least 3.25 in (83 mm) in length (16d or 16 penny nails). studs @ least doubled (creating posts) @ openings, jack stud being cut receive lintels(headers) placed , end-nailed through outer studs.

wall sheathing, plywood or other laminate, applied framing prior erection, eliminating need scaffold, , again increasing speed , cutting manpower needs , expenses. types of exterior sheathing, such asphalt-impregnated fiberboard, plywood, oriented strand board , waferboard, provide adequate bracing resist lateral loads , keep wall square. (construction codes in jurisdictions require stiff plywood sheathing.) others, such rigid glass-fiber, asphalt-coated fiberboard, polystyrene or polyurethane board, not. in latter case, wall should reinforced diagonal wood or metal bracing inset studs. in jurisdictions subject strong wind storms (hurricane countries, tornado alleys) local codes or state law require both diagonal wind braces , stiff exterior sheathing regardless of type , kind of outer weather resistant coverings.

corners

a multiple-stud post made of @ least 3 studs, or equivalent, used @ exterior corners , intersections secure tie between adjoining walls , provide nailing support interior finish , exterior sheathing. corners , intersections, however, must framed @ least 2 studs.

nailing support edges of ceiling required @ junction of wall , ceiling partitions run parallel ceiling joists. material commonly referred dead wood or backing.

exterior wall studs

wall framing in house construction includes vertical , horizontal members of exterior walls , interior partitions. these members, referred studs, wall plates , lintels, serve nailing base covering material , support upper floors, ceiling , roof.

exterior wall studs vertical members wall sheathing , cladding attached. supported on bottom plate or foundation sill , in turn support top plate. studs consist of 1.5 3.5 inches (38 mm × 89 mm) or 1.5 in × 5.5 in (38 mm × 140 mm) lumber , commonly spaced @ 16 in (410 mm) on center. spacing may changed 12 or 24 in (300 or 610 mm) on center depending on load , limitations imposed type , thickness of wall covering used. wider 1.5 in × 5.5 in (38 mm × 140 mm) studs may used provide space more insulation. insulation beyond can accommodated within 3.5 in (89 mm) stud space can provided other means, such rigid or semi-rigid insulation or batts between 1.5 in × 1.5 in (38 mm × 38 mm) horizontal furring strips, or rigid or semi-rigid insulation sheathing outside of studs. studs attached horizontal top , bottom wall plates of 1.5 in (38 mm) lumber same width studs.

interior partitions

interior partitions supporting floor, ceiling or roof loads called loadbearing walls; others called non-loadbearing or partitions. interior loadbearing walls framed in same way exterior walls. studs 1.5 in × 3.5 in (38 mm × 89 mm) lumber spaced @ 16 in (410 mm) on center. spacing may changed 12 or 24 in (300 or 610 mm) depending on loads supported , type , thickness of wall finish used.

partitions can built 1.5 in × 2.5 in (38 mm × 64 mm) or 1.5 in × 3.5 in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs spaced @ 16 or 24 in (410 or 610 mm) on center depending on type , thickness of wall finish used. partition not contain swinging door, 1.5 in × 3.5 in (38 mm × 89 mm) studs @ 16 in (410 mm) on center used wide face of stud parallel wall. done partitions enclosing clothes closets or cupboards save space. since there no vertical load supported partitions, single studs may used @ door openings. top of opening may bridged single piece of 1.5 in (38 mm) lumber same width studs. these members provide nailing support wall finish, door frames , trim.

lintels (headers)

lintels (or, headers) horizontal members placed on window, door , other openings carry loads adjoining studs. lintels constructed of 2 pieces of 2 in (nominal) (38 mm) lumber separated spacers width of studs , nailed form single unit. preferable spacer material rigid insulation. depth of lintel determined width of opening , vertical loads supported.

wall sections

the complete wall sections raised , put in place, temporary braces added , bottom plates nailed through subfloor floor framing members. braces should have larger dimension on vertical , should permit adjustment of vertical position of wall.

once assembled sections plumbed, nailed @ corners , intersections. strip of polyethylene placed between interior walls , exterior wall, , above first top plate of interior walls before second top plate applied attain continuity of air barrier when polyethylene serving function.

a second top plate, joints offset @ least 1 stud space away joints in plate beneath, added. second top plate laps first plate @ corners , partition intersections and, when nailed in place, provides additional tie framed walls. second top plate not lap plate underneath @ corner , partition intersections, these may tied 0.036 in (0.91 mm) galvanized steel plates @ least 3 in (76 mm) wide , 6 in (150 mm) long, nailed @ least 3 2.5 in (64 mm) nails each wall.