Forms Economic discrimination

1 forms

1.1 against workers

1.1.1 wage discrimination
1.1.2 hiring discrimination


1.2 against consumers

1.2.1 discrimination based on price
1.2.2 services discrimination


1.3 against businesses

1.3.1 discrete usage discrimination
1.3.2 capital investment discrimination

forms

there several forms of economic discrimination. common form of discrimination wage inequality, followed unequal hiring practices. there discrimination against minority consumers , minority businesses in number of areas, , religious or ethnic discrimination in countries outside of united states.

against workers

most forms of discrimination against minorities involve lower wages , unequal hiring practices.

wage discrimination

several studies have shown that, in united states, several minority groups, including black men , women, hispanic men , women, , white women, suffer decreased wage earning same job same performance levels , responsibilities white males. numbers vary wildly study study, indicate gap 5 15% lower earnings on average, between white male worker , black or hispanic man or woman of race equivalent educational background , qualifications.

a recent study indicated black wages in have fluctuated between 70% , 80% of white wages entire period 1954–1999, , wage increases period of time blacks , white women increased @ half rate of of white males. other studies show similar patterns hispanics. studies involving women found similar or worse rates.

overseas, study indicated muslims earned 25% less on average whites in france, germany, , england, while in south america, mixed-race blacks earned half of hispanics did in brazil.

most wage discrimination masked fact tends occur in lower-paying positions , involves minorities may not feel empowered file discrimination lawsuit or complain.

hiring discrimination

hiring discrimination similar wage discrimination in pattern. typically consists of employers choosing hire white candidate on minority candidate, or male candidate on female candidate, fill position. study of employment patterns in indicated number of hiring discrimination cases has increased fivefold in past 20 years. however, percentage whole fraction of workforce hirings has decreased drastically. stiff laws against discrimination in hiring, companies careful in hire , not hire.

even so, studies have shown easier white male job equally qualified man of color or woman of race. many positions cycled, company fills position worker , lays them off , hires new person, repeating until find feel suitable —which not minority.

while hiring discrimination highly visible aspect of economic discrimination, uncommon. increasingly strong measures against discrimination have made hiring discrimination more difficult employers engage in. case in formal hiring arrangements, corporations or others subject public scrutiny , overview. private hiring, such apprenticeships of electricians, plumbers, carpenters, , other trades entirely broken down along racial lines, no women in these fields , minorities training of own race.

against consumers

most discrimination against consumers has been decreased due stiffer laws against such practices, still continues, both in , in europe. common forms of such discrimination price , service discrimination.

discrimination based on price

discrimination based on price charging different prices goods , services different people based on race, ethnicity, religion, or sex. should not confused separate economic concept of price discrimination. discrimination based on price includes, not limited to:

increased costs basic services (health care, repair, etc.)
increased costs per diem charges (such charging 1 person $40 while charging person $100 same service provided)
not offering deals, sales, rebates, etc. minorities
higher rates insurance minorities

most charges of discrimination based on price difficult verify, without significant documentation. studies indicate less 10% of discrimination based on price reported authority or regulatory body, , of through class-action lawsuits. furthermore, while number of monitoring services , consumer interest groups take interest in form of discrimination, there little can change it. discrimination based on price occurs in situations without standardized price list can compared against. in cases of per diem charges, concealed few consumers can exchange estimates , work rates, , if business in question can claim services provided had different baseline costs, conditions, etc.

discrimination based on price in areas special sales , deals not offered can justified limiting them strong credit ratings or past business company in question.

services discrimination

although price discrimination mentions services, service discrimination when services not offered @ minorities, or offered inferior versions. according @ least 1 study, consumer discrimination falls category, since more difficult verify , prove. assertions of discrimination have included:

offering high-cost plans insurance or refusal cover minorities
refusing offer financing minorities
denial of service

against businesses

minority owned businesses can experience discrimination, both suppliers , banks , other sources of capital financing. in us, there tax benefits , public relations benefits having minority-owned businesses, instances of occur outside of united states.

women of color starting businesses @ rates 3 5 times faster other businesses, according article babson college on state of businesses owned women of color (press release). newswise. may 9, 2008. retrieved 2008-05-12.  however, once in business, growth lags behind other firms, according results of multi-year study conducted center women s business research in partnership babson college exploring impact of race , gender on growth of businesses owned women african-american, asian, latina , other ethnicities.

discrete usage discrimination

this form of discrimination covers suppliers providing substandard goods business, or price gouging business on purchases , resupply orders.

capital investment discrimination

a more significant source of perceived discrimination in capital investment markets. banks accused of not providing loans , other financial instruments inner-city minority owned businesses. research indicates banking industry whole systemic in abuse of legal system in avoidance of high risk loans minorities, pointing out banks cannot provide facts backing assertions deny such loans high failure rate.

on other hand, financial institutions , economists feel often, banks accused unfairly of discrimination against minority owned businesses when said business not worth such credit risk, , no 1 find such decision discriminatory if business not minority owned. these charges of reverse racism or prejudicial analysis longstanding source of controversy in study of economic discrimination.