Evolution Biodiversity of New Zealand

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new zealand s geckos, such duvaucel s gecko, may have had origins in new caledonia although australia implicated in recent phylogenetic work.


the break-up of supercontinent of gondwana left resulting continents , microcontinents shared biological affinities. zealandia (the continental crust new zealand , new caledonia later developed) began move away antarctic gondwana 85 ma ago, break being complete 66 ma ago. has been moving northwards since then, changing both in relief , climate. 23 million years ago new zealand underwater. 1 estimate suggests 18% of present surface area remained above water. geological evidence not rule out possibility entirely submerged, or @ least restricted small islands. today 93% of zealandian continent remains below sea. several elements of gondwana biota present in new zealand today: predominantly plants, such podocarps , southern beeches, distinctive insect fauna, new zealand s unusual frogs , tuatara, of new zealand s birds. seems primitive mammals part of original cargo. whether or not of these taxa descendents of survivors of ancient cargo remains unproven. recent molecular evidence has shown iconic gondwanan plants southern beeches (nothofagus) arrived in new zealand after separation of zealandia gondwana. there high rate of interspecific , intraspecific hybridisation in new zealand plants , animals.


the 2 sources of new zealand s biodiversity following separation gondwana have been speciation , air- or sea-borne immigration. of these immigrants have arrived australia, , have provided majority of new zealand s birds , bats plant species (carried on wind or inside guts of birds). of these immigrants arrived long enough ago affinities australian ancestors uncertain; example, affinities of unusual short-tailed bats (mystacinidae) unknown until fossils miocene found in australia. cyanoramphus parakeets thought have originated in new caledonia , have been successful @ reaching many islands in region. link between 2 island groups includes affinities between skink , gecko families.








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