Transition to independence Joaquim Gonçalves Ledo

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archduchess maria leopoldina of austria during meeting on 2 september 1822 while dom pedro in são paulo province. martim francisco ribeiro de andrada seated beside her. josé bonifácio standing , gesturing towards her. ledo standing between andradas.


on 13 may 1822, due work of ledo s group , following proposal domingos alves branco muniz barretto, prince pedro assumed title of perpetual defender of brazil . on 17 july 1822 ledo organized masonic lodges grand orient of brazil . offered position of grand master josé bonifácio, taking subordinate position of first vigilante. prince pedro broke portugal on 7 september 1822 , became first emperor of brazil on 1 december 1822.


in late september 1822 title of grand master of grand orient awarded dom pedro. josé bonifácio de andrada responded prosecuting ledo, accusing him of being republican , secretly conspiring overthrow monarchy. on 30 october 1822 grand orient closed , ledo , others in group had flee in order avoid being arrested , deported. on 4 november 1822 ledo s property confiscated.


ledo took refuge in argentina, local freemasons gave him warm reception.








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